Abstract
In this study, a novel three-dimensional (3D) bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)-delivering tannylated polycaprolactone (PCL) (BMP-2/tannic acid (TA)/PCL) scaffold with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic activities was fabricated via simple surface coating with TA, followed by the immobilization of BMP-2 on the TA-coated PCL scaffold. The BMP-2/TA/PCL scaffold showed controlled and sustained BMP-2 release. It effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and increased the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells pre-treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Additionally, the BMP-2/TA/PCL scaffold significantly suppressed the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, it showed outstanding enhancement of the osteogenic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells through increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition. Our findings demonstrated that the BMP-2/TA/PCL scaffold plays an important role in scavenging ROS, suppressing inflammatory response, and enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of cells.
Highlights
Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing techniques have been developed as bone grafts to effectively promote the repair of large bone defects because they are essential for cell proliferation and differentiation for tissue regeneration
The 3D PCL scaffolds with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic activities were fabricated by simple surface coating of the scaffold with tannic acid (TA), followed by the immobilization of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) as an osteoinductive growth factor on the TA-modified PCL scaffold to obtain the Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs)-2/TA-coated PCL (TA/PCL) scaffold
We investigated the potential of the BMP-2/TA/PCL scaffold that can scavenge oxidative stress, suppress inflammation responses, and enhance osteogenic activities
Summary
Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing techniques have been developed as bone grafts to effectively promote the repair of large bone defects because they are essential for cell proliferation and differentiation for tissue regeneration. 3D scaffolds are excellent templates for bone tissue regeneration, scaffolds alone cannot satisfactorily improve the proliferation and differentiation of cells during bone formation. It is a dynamic tissue that experiences renewal and repair all through life via the process of bone remodeling. During the regulation of bone remodeling, osteoblast and osteoclast activities continually support osteogenesis and bone resorption sequences. The over-expression of ROS in osteoblasts was associated with the pathophysiology of bone loss [9,10,11], suppressing mineralization and delaying bone repair
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