Abstract
Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require very low power transceivers. This paper presents techniques for minimizing power consumption of receiver (RX) frontends for short range wireless links. Two key approaches, i.e., current reuse and supply voltage reduction are compared. Different RX architectures such as direct-conversion, low-IF, sliding IF as well as phase-tracking RX, are compared, emphasizing their potential and limitations when targeting sub-mW RX power dissipation. Low-power design techniques for LNA, frequency generation blocks and baseband amplifiers are presented. As a case study, an efficient low-IF RX front-end for IoT is described in detail. In 28 nm CMOS, such a receiver occupies an active area of 0.1 mm2 and consumes only $350~{\mu }\text{W}$ from a 0.9 V supply while showing a minimum in band NF of 6.2 dB. The achieved performance is very competitive with state-of-the-art ultra-low-power receivers, while consuming the lowest power.
Highlights
T HE EXPLODING demand for ubiquitous communications has created significant attention toward the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) for both sub-GHz and 2.4 GHz ISM band
Additional image rejection (IR) can be obtained by cascading a second complex filter or adding a passive polyphase filter
Changing the supply by +/−100mV has a small effect on gain (±1dB), noise figure (NF)(±0.2dB) and IB-IIP3(±2dBm) but power consumption goes from 270μW with 0.8V to 450μW with 1V, since the most power-hungry block is the frequency divider
Summary
T HE EXPLODING demand for ubiquitous communications has created significant attention toward the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) for both sub-GHz and 2.4 GHz ISM band. This section introduced pros and cons of a drastically reduced supply voltage versus recycling the bias current within two or more different circuits while using a higher and channel selection can be implemented with complex filters, but care is required to minimize power dissipation. The stacked LNA-VCO, shown in Fig. 1 (d), requires only 72μW from a sub-1V supply with performance sufficient for the application [36].
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