Abstract
The total number of electrons has been calculated as a function of depth in air, glass, and iron absorbers. The nuclear interactions have been described by the model of Cocconi, Koester, and Perkins. The results help in the design of ionization spectrometers for the measurement of the total energy of ultrahigh energy particles. In particular, a correlation is established between the maximum number of electrons and the primary energy. Also, the amount of energy lost from ionization spectrometers due to limited depth can be derived from the results presented here.
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