Abstract
The market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is going to significantly increase in the next years and decades. However, EVs still present significant practical limitations in terms of mileage. Hence, the automotive industry is making important research efforts towards the progressive increase of battery energy density, reduction of battery charging time, and enhancement of electric powertrain efficiency. The electric machine is the main power loss contributor of an electric powertrain. This literature survey reviews the design and control methods to improve the energy efficiency of electric machines for EVs. The motor design requirements and specifications are described in terms of power density, efficiency along driving cycles, and cost, according to the targets set by the roadmaps of the main governmental agencies. The review discusses the stator and rotor design parameters, winding configurations, novel materials, construction technologies as well as control methods that are most influential on the power loss characteristics of typical traction machines. Moreover, the paper covers: i) driving cycle based design methods of traction motors, for energy consumption reduction in real operating conditions; and ii) novel machine topologies providing potential efficiency benefits.
Highlights
Socio-economic factors and technological advances are making electric vehicles (EVs) more and more competitive for mainstream transportation
Interior permanent magnet (PM) (IPM) motors for passenger car applications have higher overload capability and efficiency than induction machine (IM) and surfacemounted PM (SPM) machines [15], [17]. This justifies the adoption of interior PM (IPM) machines in many EVs or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the market, including the Honda Accord [19], Toyota Prius [20], and Nissan Leaf [21]
DRIVING CYCLE BASED MACHINE OPIMIZATION Conventional electric machines (EMs) design methodologies focus on the rated operating point, especially for applications dominated by steady-state behavior, e.g., pumps and fans
Summary
Socio-economic factors and technological advances are making electric vehicles (EVs) more and more competitive for mainstream transportation. Interior PM (IPM) motors for passenger car applications have higher overload capability and efficiency than IMs and surfacemounted PM (SPM) machines [15], [17] This justifies the adoption of IPM machines in many EVs or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the market, including the Honda Accord [19], Toyota Prius [20], and Nissan Leaf [21]. After discussing the typical EM specifications for EVs, this survey provides guidelines to improve the energy efficiency of typical traction machines for electric passenger cars, and focuses on: i) the main geometries, materials and construction techniques that have direct or indirect effect on efficiency (Section III); ii) control strategies for EM power loss minimization at each given torque and speed (Section IV); and iii) driving cycle based EM design methods for minimizing the energy loss along the actual mission profile (Section V). The cited academic papers give a comprehensive explanation and analysis of the main reviewed aspects, whilst the web based references, including product brochures and technical reports, provide solid data to show the current state-of-the-art of EV motors
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