Abstract
A real-time optimal control of parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is presented in this paper, whose purpose is to achieve the total equivalent fuel consumption minimization and to maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) within its operation range at all times simultaneously. Vehicle and assembly models of PHEVs are established, which provide the foundation for the following calculations. The ECMS is described in detail, in which an instantaneous cost function including the fuel energy and the electrical energy is proposed, whose emphasis is the computation of the equivalent factor. The real-time optimal control strategy is designed through regarding the minimum of the total equivalent fuel consumption as the control objective and the torque split factor as the control variable. The validation of the control strategy proposed is demonstrated both in the MATLAB/Simulink/Advisor environment and under actual transportation conditions by comparing the fuel economy, the charge sustainability, and parts performance with other three control strategies under different driving cycles including standard, actual, and real-time road conditions. Through numerical simulations and real vehicle tests, the accuracy of the approach used for the evaluation of the equivalent factor is confirmed, and the potential of the proposed control strategy in terms of fuel economy and keeping the deviations ofSOCat a low level is illustrated.
Highlights
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are most promising among all the new energy vehicles including battery electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles to better fuel economy and emissions without compromising vehicle performances [1, 2]
This strategy can offer a prominent improvement in energy efficiency and is adopted widely in the commercial HEV, it is clear that the strategy does not guarantee an optimal value in all cases or allow the vehicle to run at maximum efficiency
The key problem of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) design is the calculation of the equivalent factor between fuel and electrical energy based on the available vehicle information, because it has a major influence on the fuel economy and the charge sustainability of parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
Summary
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are most promising among all the new energy vehicles including battery electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles to better fuel economy and emissions without compromising vehicle performances [1, 2]. The papers [9, 10] propose a global optimal strategy based on dynamic programming methods for parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and parallel-series HEV, respectively These techniques can find a global optimal solution to the control parameters, such as the ICE/EM torque, but cannot offer an online solution because they assume that the future driving cycle is entirely known. The key problem of the ECMS design is the calculation of the equivalent factor between fuel and electrical energy based on the available vehicle information, because it has a major influence on the fuel economy and the charge sustainability of PHEVs. In this paper, a real-time control strategy with ECMS for a PHEV is proposed, which is based on a new method for evaluating the equivalent factor between fuel and electrical energy in order to regulate SOC at a constant reference point with the minimum fuel consumption simultaneously.
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