Abstract
The analysis of penalty kick has played an important role in performance analysis. The study aims are to get formal feedback on the relevance of variables for penalty kick analysis, to design and validate an observational system; and to assess experts’ opinion on the optimum video footage in penalty kick analysis. A structured development process was adopted for content validity, reliability and agreement on video usage. All observational variables included in OSPAF showed Aiken’s V values above the cut-off (for 5-scale V> 0.64; for 2-scale = V > 0.75; p < 0.05). Cohen’s Kappa resulted in mean intra- and inter-rater reliability values of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. It is recommended to combine at least three different viewing angles (V = 0.90; p = 0.006) with standardization of video quality (V = 0.95; p = 0.006). Changing the viewing angles may influence the observer perception (V = 0.86; p = 0.006). The aerial and pitch-level viewing angle behind the penalty taker and pitch-level viewing angle behind the goalkeeper were indicated as most appropriate for observational analysis (V = 0.97; p = 0.01). The OSPAF met all requirements of instrument validation. It may be recommended as basis of future observational systems on penalty kicks.
Highlights
Penalty kicks play a decisive role in the outcome of a match in competitive football (Makaruk et al, 2020; Paterson et al, 2020)
UEFA introduced penalty shoot-outs to major tournaments in 1976 (FIFA followed in 1978) as a means of deciding matches in the knockout phase of major tournaments when the score is a draw at the end of the match
This first step enabled the development of the first round of content validity of the proposed observational system, with the variables and their definitions
Summary
Penalty kicks play a decisive role in the outcome of a match in competitive football (Makaruk et al, 2020; Paterson et al, 2020). It has been estimated that about 30–40% of the goals are scored from set plays (i.e., penalty kicks, free kicks, corners, and throwins) (Fariña et al, 2013; Sarmento et al, 2018). Among these set plays, the penalty is the situation with the highest chance of scoring a goal. Methods in Football Penalty Kick Analysis researchers have shown a significant interest in uncovering factors that affect success in the penalty kick (Paterson et al, 2020)
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