Abstract
Emerging wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, such as silicon carbide (SiC), will enable chargers to operate at higher switching frequencies, which grants the ability to deliver high power and enhances efficiency. This paper addresses the modeling of a double-sided cooling (DSC) SiC technology-based off-board charger for battery electric buses (BEBs) and the design of its control and real-time (RT) implementation. A three-phase active front-end (AFE) rectifier topology is considered in the modeling and control system design for the active part of the DC off-board charger. The control system consists of a dual-loop voltage–current controller and is used to ensure AC to DC power conversion for charging and to achieve the targeted grid current total harmonic distortion (THD) and unity power factor (PF). Linear and nonlinear simulation models are developed in MATLAB/Simulink for optimum control design and to validate the voltage and current control performances. Four types of controllers (i.e., proportional–integral (PI), lead–lag, proportional–resonant (PR), and modified proportional–resonant (MPR)) are designed as current controllers, and a comparative analysis is conducted on the simulation model. In addition, the final design of the dual-loop controller is implemented on the RT–FPGA platform of dSpace MicroLabBox. It is then tested with the charger to validate the control performance with experimental data. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the correct operation of the converter control performance by tracking the reference commands.
Highlights
The share of battery electric buses (BEBs) used in public transportation is steadily increasing every year, as BEBs are beneficial in our battle against global warming, considering the electric energy comes from a clean energy mix
A simulation model for the off-board charger was developed to check the dynamic performances of the controller
The real-time off-board charger voltage–current controller was implemented on the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) of dSpace MicroLabBox at 40 kHz switching frequency
Summary
The share of battery electric buses (BEBs) used in public transportation is steadily increasing every year, as BEBs are beneficial in our battle against global warming, considering the electric energy comes from a clean energy mix. An appropriate off-board charging infrastructure is required to charge BEBs in an efficient way Such chargers are intended to have high power ratings and fast charging speeds, and are less limited by size or weight [1]. They consist of power electronic converters (PECs), which transform threephase incoming AC grid power into a variable DC output power to charge the battery of the BEB. PECs are designed to protect the power quality of the grid through the consumption of a sinusoidal current, which reduces the THD of the line current with PF control in order to comply with international standards, such as IEC-1000-3-2 and IEEE-519 [2] They are designed to charge batteries with variable voltages and current levels while keeping the batteries safe [3]
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