Design and Performance Analysis of Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array for 5G mm-Wave Ground-Based Navigation and Wireless Applications

In this paper, millimeter-wave (MMW) antennas with two different designs have been proposed for fifth generation (5G) wireless applications. These novel antennas have a greater fractional bandwidth and an appropriate gain, making them suitable for a variety of applications such as fixed wireless services, broadcasting, land mobile, and many millimeter applications. Each antenna design has a different model and characteristics. The two designs resonate at different frequencies, 39.7 GHz and 43 GHz, which are suitable for 5G applications in many countries like Canada, the United States of America, Japan, and Australia. A commercial electromagnetic simulator (CST-Studio) was used to construct and optimize the proposed models. The proposed MMW models are designed on a compact Rogers Substrate RT-5880 with a thickness of h = 0.508 mm, a loss tangent $\delta$ value of 0.0009, and a dielectric constant $\left(\varepsilon_{r}\right)$of 2.2. The proposed antennas have a simple design structure to ensure reliability, mobility, and high efficiency, which can be used for many (5G) wireless applications. The proposed models provide a moderate gain of 6 dBi to 7 dBi. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed models ranges from 38.4 GHz to 41.1 GHz for the first model, which is equal to 2.7 GHz, and 41.6 GHz to 44.7 GHz for the second model, which is equal to 3.1 GHz. The efficiency of the models is about 73.8% and 78%, respectively, which is sufficient to meet the requirements of 5G wireless applications.

A new array antenna is proposed for mm-Wave 5G wireless communication applications in this paper. The array antenna geometry presented consists of six identical patch pieces coupled in a 1 × 6 arrangement with a partial ground plane. To achieve the necessary operating band and high gain range, the structures of each single antenna element are changed by adding combinations of rectangle and triangle-shaped slots with a partial ground plane. The suggested array antenna design and simulation studies were carried out utilizing high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. This paper represents how the performance of a parallel feed array antenna changes as the substrate material changes for that we use FR4, Rogers RO3010, and Rogers RT/duroid6010/6010LM substrates with 0.8 mm thickness. The 1 × 6 array antenna FR4 resonates at 38.8 GHz with a bandwidth of 4.2 GHz for the Rogers RO3010 substrate resonates at 37.3 GHz and 40.2 GHz with a bandwidth of 2.8 GHz and 2.7 GHz, and for Rogers RT/duroid 6010/6010LM resonates at 37.3 GHz and 40.6 GHz bandwidth of 2.6 GHz and 2.5 GHz, respectively.

Dielectric resonators have emerged as potential candidates for multiband application. These resonators’ performance has been explored with a variety of geometrical shapes to make use of the inherent resonant features to form a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) high gain and directional cylindrical DRA (CDRA) array structure is illustrated using commercial software, HFSS. The typical antenna is simulated and analysed using powerful electromagnetic modelling tools. The reports generated are essential for analysing the performance.

In this paper, we present a study and design of a rectangular-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular shaped slot at the operating frequency is 28GHz, for fifth generation (5G) wireless applications, using the microstrip line technique for feeding. The objective of this slot is to contribute to the improvement of antenna performance. This antenna is built on a Roger RT duroid 5880 type substrate having a relative permittivity equal to 2.2, a height of h = 0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The compact size of this antenna is 4.2 mm × 3.3 mm × 0.5 mm. The simulations of this antenna were performed using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and computer simulation technology (CST) software whose main purpose is to confirm the results obtained for this proposed antenna. The results obtained during these simulations are as follows: resonant frequency of 27.97 GHz and reflection coefficient ) of -20.95 dB, bandwidth of 1.06 GHz, a gain of 7.5 dB, radiated power of 29.9 dBm, and efficiency of 99.83%. These results obtained by this proposed antenna are better than those obtained from already existing antennas that are published in current scientific journals. Consequently, this antenna is likely to satisfy the needs for 5G wireless communication applications.

Mobile and wireless communication systems have now arrived at the point where substancial advances in antenna technology have become a critical issue. The majority of these systems consist of an antenna array combined with an appropriate signal processing (Soni et al., 2002; Godara, 2002), i.e., the antenna elements are allowed to work in concert by means of array element phasing, which is accomplished with hardware or is performed digitally. In these systems, the antenna array performance over a certain steering range is of primary concern. In this case, the antenna array design problem consists of finding weights that make the radiation pattern satisfy the desired characteristics (a maximum directivity, a minimum side lobe level, etc), so the direction of the main beam can be steered at will. Generally, the design problem is formulated as an optimization problem. The design of antenna arrays has a nonlinear and non-convex dependence of elements parameters [Kurup et al. 2003], because of that, the interest has been focused on stochastic search techniques, such as simulated annealing (Murino et al., 1996), and mainly, genetic algorithms (GA’s) (Ares-Pena et al., 1999; Haupt, 1994; Haupt, 1995; Panduro et al., 2005; Rahmat-Samii et al, 1999; Weile et al., 1997; Yan et al., 1997), widely used in electromagnetic problems, including the synthesis of phased antenna arrays (Mailloux, 2005; Hansen, 1998). The antenna arrays optimization for improving performance represents an open line of research in the antenna design field. In the application of evolutionary optimization techniques for designing antenna arrays, it has been considered the design of different phased array structures, such as the linear arrays (Bray et al., 2002; Panduro, 2006) and the circular arrays (Panduro et al., 2006), among others. The design of planar arrays is dealt with in (Bae et al., 2005). In many design cases, it has been considered the optimization in the design of scannable arrays with non-uniform separation (Bray et al., 2002; Bae et al., 2004; Junker et al., 1998; Tian et al., 2005; Lommi et al., 2002). In this chapter it is considered the case of designing scannable arrays with the optimization of the amplitude and phase excitations for maximum side lobe level reduction in a wide scanning range. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the behavior of the radiation pattern for the design of different phased array structures (linear and circular arrays) considering the

Waveguide-fed phased antenna arrays are typically used in high frequency applications. The paper proposes a design procedure for probe-fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) arrays using equivalent circuit modeling for the feeding network, to exploit the features of circuit simulators in the array synthesis problem. From the desired specifications of the radiation pattern, the adopted synthesis technique is used to determine the relative feeding currents of the DRA array elements. Then using optimization, the equivalent circuit parameters are determined and are subsequently interpreted as physical dimensions and positions of the probes. The results obtained assuming that the DRAs are isolated are compared to those obtained taking into consideration the external mutual coupling, showing that the radiation pattern and the scattering parameters are not significantly affected by the external coupling.

Recently, the industry and academia there is significant activity in research and development towards the next generation micro and Pico cellular wireless Networks (5th generation). This paper presents, a structure design of microstrip patch antenna array operate at the central frequency of 28 GHz waveband is proposed. The patch antenna array consists of four elements with rectangular patch and uniform distribution. It has a compact size of 26.51 x 20.37 mm with operating frequency at 28 GHz. The inset feed technique is used for the matching between radiating patch and the 50Ω microstrip feedline. The proposed 2x2 antenna array successfully improve the antenna gain up to 8.393dB compare to existing CRLH TL CPW antenna with 2.99 dB, wideband antenna with 7.1 dB and 3.7 dB for broadband elliptical-shaped slot antenna. As a conclusion, the directivity of 10.13 db and efficiency is higher than 80% considered as a potential candidate for the 5G wireless networks and applications.

In this paper, a broadband circularly-polarized (CP) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array in C band is proposed. The antennas are designed by using two orthogonal microstrip lines to obtain circular polarization. In this design, a small portion of feeding structure is coated at the bottom of cubic DR surface to satisfy the impedance matching and field matching, improve coupling to low-permittivity dielectric resonators and increase the antenna bandwidth. A 2×2 element array is designed by such CP-DRA for obtaining higher gain and circular polarization. The simulated impedance bandwidth and 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth are 21.8% (5.84–7.26GHz) and 9.4% (6.25–6.86GHz), respectively, with CST software.

This paper presents the design of a beam steerable array antenna based on branch line coupler (BLC) at 28 GHz frequency band for fifth generation (5G) wireless applications. The array is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate material of 0.254 mm thickness and dielectric constant of 2.2. The designed antenna has six elements array and is fed by a BLC which serves as a beamformer to obtain the beam scanning ranging from -16 to +16 degrees. The maximum gain of 14.5 dBi and a wideband that cover from 25.2 GHz to 32 GHz was obtained by measurement. The proposed antenna is applicable to 28 GHz frequency band proposed for 5G wireless communications. All simulated and measured results are clearly presented.

In this paper, a dual-band triangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array is presented for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. Here, two triangular dielectric resonators are used as an array. The DRA array is excited by conformal strip connected to microstrip line which is an effective feed mechanism to obtain dual-band operation. Simulation process was done by using a CST microwave studio. The result shows that the proposed antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth from 3.35 to 3.70 GHz and 4.52 to 5.34 GHz covering 3.5 GHz WiMAX band and 5.2 GHz WLAN band. Parametric studies are carried out by varying the heights of the triangular shaped dielectric resonators and conformal strips. Simulated results show that DRA array has a better resonant frequency for DR height, h r = 11.5 mm and conformal strip height h c =10.4 mm. The average peak gain achieved is 7.02 dBi and 8.9 dBi at 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz respectively and directivity varies from 6.06 dBi to 9.26 dBi for overall frequency range. The proposed design can also be used for HIPERLAN (high-performance radio LAN) applications which operate at 5.15 GHz to 5.30 GHz. With these features, this design of triangular DRA array is suitable for dual-band wireless communication systems.

The design of array antenna is vital study for today's Wireless communication system to achieve higher gain, highly directional beam and also to counteract the effect of fading while signal propagates through various corrupted environments. In this study, the design and analysis of a (2x2) microstrip patch antenna array is introduced. It is designed to function in the 5.25 GHz which corresponds to IEEE 802.11a (VSWR -9.5dB) and antenna gain of 13.88 dBi have been achieved. Both numerical and experimental studies have been carried out to optimize the distance between the antenna elements. The measured results have a good agreement with that of simulated results. The numerical study has been done by using Zeland make IE3D electromagnetic simulator and measurements have been done with the help of Agilent make N5230A, network analyzer. Index Terms: Antenna array, Antenna gain, Slotted microstrip patch, Fringing field, Wireless LAN, IE3D electromagnetic simulator, antenna feed point, Array optimization.

An efficient, accurate, and tunable circuit model is presented for modeling of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) series-fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array. For much improved model flexibility, the mutual coupling between antenna elements is taken into account and represented by a fully adjustable model, allowing the design parameters to be varied. Development of the circuit model is straightforward. Only one or two antenna elements from the array need to be simulated with a full-wave solver. Furthermore, the model is applicable for antenna arrays with different numbers of elements. The circuit model enables efficient iterative design and optimization of antenna arrays. Millimeter-wave SIW series-fed DRA array examples are used to validate the model. The simulation results using the proposed circuit model agree well with the full-wave solver and measurement results.

This paper deals with the design, simulation, and practical modeling of metamaterial-based multiband conformal bandpass filter (BPF) for various wireless communication applications with improved quality factors. The novel metamaterial in the form of a split ring resonator is loaded on the ground plane face of the proposed BPF. The overall dimension of the designed BPF is only [Formula: see text]. The proposed BPF is tuned initially for quality factor enhancement based on the thickness of the substrate, physical parameters of the f transmission line, ground plane, externally loaded elements, and the gap in the metamaterial loading. The suggested filter operates at triple band covering the frequency bands from 1.4 to 2.2, 3.6 to 3.9, and 4.8 to 5.9[Formula: see text]GHz, which are suitable for sub-6[Formula: see text]GHz 5G and other wireless applications. The insertion loss is observed as 1[Formula: see text]dB, which is suitable for the proposed BPF. The conformal behavior of the filter is judged through bending deformation analysis at various bending positions like (15[Formula: see text], 30[Formula: see text], 45[Formula: see text], 60[Formula: see text], and 90[Formula: see text]). The proposed BPF retains triple pass band characteristics at various bending deformations, which makes it suitable to be used in curved structures or flexible circuitry. The theory of equivalent circuits and quality factor [Formula: see text] of the designed BPF is discussed in this paper. The results are analyzed experimentally through ANRITSU-MS2037C combinational analyzer. The proposed BPF is suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G, WLAN, and Wi-Max applications.

Design of Notched Chamfered Rectangular shaped two elements Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) array is presented for wireless (WLAN and WiMAX) applications. In this paper, the DRA array is excited by conformal patch connected to microstrip line which is an effective feed mechanism and more efficient in energy coupling than other types of feeding techniques. Simulation results show, the proposed antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth from 2.18 to 3.75 GHz and 4.84 to 5.14 GHz covering 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz WLAN bands and 3.4 to 3.7 GHz WiMAX bands. Comparison is done among various shapes of the rectangular DRA arrays (Simple Rectangle, chamfered and chamfered with notched). A parametric study is carried out by varying the ground plane's dimension of the final design. The proposed antenna gives the appreciable gain and radiation pattern at the resonant frequencies.

Design and Fabrication of High-Gain Array Antenna for 5G Communication and Wireless Applications