Abstract
The objective was to apply a simplex lattice design to determine the properties of polyvinyl alcohol-graft-lactic acid (PVA-g-LA) with different values for two independent variables: curing time (X1) and LA ratio (X2). Each independent variable was varied among three levels: -1, 0, and +1. Three coded levels were 120 min, 150 min, and 180 min for X1 and 2.5 g, 5 g, and 7.5 g for X2. Dependent variables of swelling behavior in various swelling media and thermal analysis parameters were monitored. The optimal formulation was selected based on the desirability value. The prediction was accurate, showing a low value of percent error. The morphology of the selected formulation with the highest desirability value showed a compact and dense film. Propranolol hydrochloride used as a model drug, was loaded into PVA-g-LA film. The propranolol hydrochloride content was 4.19 ± 1.05 mg/cm2. The cumulative release and permeation of drug were 61.94 ± 8.03% and 59.96 ± 6.61%, respectively. Thus, response surface methodology can be used as a tool to predict or optimize the process parameters for PVA-g-LA transdermal films in an accurate manner. PVA-g-LA could control the release and permeation of drug from the film layer.
Highlights
Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymeric cross-linked network structures that can absorb and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluid, usually to equilibrium
They can be broadly classified into two categories. (I) Permanent or chemical hydrogels are covalently cross-linked networks that replaced the hydrogen bond, whose equilibrium swelling state depends on the polymer and water interaction and the cross-linking density
We investigated the influence of different ratios of PVA and lactic acid (LA) (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2), different curing times (120 min, 150 min, and 180 min) and different curing temperatures (100°C and 120°C) (Suksaeree & Chuchote 2018, Suksaeree et al 2016, 2015)
Summary
Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymeric cross-linked network structures that can absorb and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluid, usually to equilibrium. Hydrogels possess a degree of flexibility similar to that of natural tissue due to their significant water content. They can be broadly classified into two categories. (II) Reversible or physical hydrogel, physically cross-linked hydrogels are prevented by physical interactions which exist between different more than two polymer chains by molecular entanglements with secondary forces including ionic, hydrogen bonding, or hydrophobic interactions. These interactions are reversible and can be disrupted by changes in physical and environmental conditions (Gulrez & AlAssaf 2011, Hennink & van Nostrum 2002, Rosiak & Yoshii 1999). Because hydrogels have high water absorption capacity and biocompatibility, they have been produced and applied in various fields such as tissue engineering (Zheng Shu et al 2004), pharmaceutical (Gwon et al 2010, Kumar et al 2008), and biomedical (Hoffman 2002), including use in drug delivery
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