Abstract
A retarding electrostatic field energy analyzer for low-energy beams has been designed, simulated, and tested with electron beams of several keV, in which space-charge effects play an important role. A cylindrical focusing electrode is used to overcome the beam expansion inside the device due to space-charge forces, beam emittance, etc. The cylindrical focusing voltage is independently adjustable to provide proper focusing strength. Single particle simulation and theoretical error analysis using beam envelopes show that this energy analyzer can get very high resolution for low-energy beams (up to 10 keV), which was found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The measured beam energy spectrum is both temporally and spatially resolved. In addition, a computer-controlled automatic system is developed and significantly improves the speed and efficiency of the data acquisition and processing. The measured beam energy spreads, are in remarkably good agreement with the intrinsic limits set by the effects of nonadiabatic acceleration in the electron gun and that of Coulomb collisions, as predicted by theory.
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