Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper proposes and implements an early warning and monitoring system for rainfall-induced landslide (named as EWMRIL) with a case study at the Nam Dan landslide (northern Vietnam). The proposed system consists of six sensor nodes and one rainfall station that are used to sense large amounts of data in real-time such as soil moisture, pore-water pressure (PWP), movement status, and rainfall. In addition, a new flexible configuration for the wireless communication system is proposed that is capable not only to save the energy consuming but also to ensure the reliability of the system. Using wireless communication system, the sensed data were sent to the computer station for analyzing and predicting the instability of the landslide in terms of factor of safety (FoS) using the finite element seepage analysis and the limit equilibrium slope stability analysis methods. These methods are available in the SEEP/W and SLOPE/W modules of the GeoStudio software. Based on the analyzing results, the system proposed three warning levels for the landslide Early, Intermediate, and Imminent. Experiment result in the rainy season from August to September 2016 has proven the validity of the EWMRIL system. The result of this study is useful for landslide risk prevention and management in landslide prone-areas.
Highlights
Rainfall-induced landslide is one of the most serious natural hazard problems in mountainous areas because it may suddenly occur with high travelling speeds posing threats to human life and properties (Kirschbaum et al 2009), and especially, to building and infrastructures (Ahlheim et al 2008; Klose et al 2015; Del Soldato et al 2017; Loi et al 2017)
Many countries (Saito et al 2014; Dou et al 2015; Avila et al 2016; Lin et al 2016; Wood et al 2016). This problem is of particular concern in Vietnam, where landslides occurred in almost all mountainous areas due to high frequency of tropical rainstorms in recent years (Pham et al 2017; Loi et al 2017; Tien Bui and Anh Tuan et al 2017; Tien Bui and Nguyen et al 2017)
If factor of safety (FoS) > Threshold_1, the wireless sensor network (WSN) will switch to tree topology mode
Summary
Rainfall-induced landslide is one of the most serious natural hazard problems in mountainous areas because it may suddenly occur with high travelling speeds posing threats to human life and properties (Kirschbaum et al 2009), and especially, to building and infrastructures (Ahlheim et al 2008; Klose et al 2015; Del Soldato et al 2017; Loi et al 2017). The later one that integrates directly monitoring data and numerical models has been considered effective systems for landslide early warning, and for this case, networks of sensors for monitoring landslide triggering factors must be constructed. Flexible, innovative designs and detailed technical explanations for the establishment of wireless networks of sensors for monitoring and early warning systems for rainfall-induced landslides have been seldom provided. The detailed design and implementation of the wireless sensor network (WSN) for monitoring landslide triggering parameters were provided These monitoring data were integrated with a predictive model that was constructed using the finite element method (FEM) (Quecedo et al 2004). This section describes the theoretical background of FoS, the software used for calculating FoS, and the proposed wireless sensors network used
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