Abstract
In this paper, an optical fiber sensor based density sensor is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The sensor is formed by fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. The proposed sensor design is very simple and versatile for density measurements of liquids. The FBG strain sensor has one end mounted to a 3D printed rigid support, and the other end connected to a 3D manufactured clamp in this sensor design. A metal ball is suspended from this clamp by a non-stretchable cord. When it is completely immersed in liquid, the liquid buoyancy force acts on it. As a result, the strain in FBG varies depending on the force applied to the ball. This results in a wavelength shift in the FBG sensor. The proposed sensor design is tested for four distinct liquids, including water, gasoline, engine oil, and acetone, and the measured density values for each were tabulated. We estimated the density of water by varying the temperature and adding salt. Based on the measurements, the sensitivity of the sensor is 2.584 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{pm}/\text{Kg}/\text{m}^3$</tex-math></inline-formula> when the temperature of liquid changes and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.375\times 10^{-2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{pm}/\text{Kg}/\text{m}^3$</tex-math></inline-formula> when density varied by adding salt to the liquid is reported.
Highlights
D ENSITY is one of the most prevalent physical properties used to classify and characterize the fluids in the environmental, petroleum, cosmetics, food and beverages, and pharmaceuticals
There is a red shift in wavelength, which is considered a central wavelength of fiber Bragg grating (FBG)
We hanged a metal ball with a metal wire. This will cause an axial strain in the FBG sensor, and this leads to red shift in wavelength [32]
Summary
D ENSITY is one of the most prevalent physical properties used to classify and characterize the fluids in the environmental, petroleum, cosmetics, food and beverages, and pharmaceuticals. All the materials are a mixture of several carbon hydroxides, which need to be characterised by their physical properties, including density. To measure the density of liquids, scientists have used different ways. In nuclear liquid density measurements, they have used a nuclear gauge, which works on the simple principle of gammaray attenuation [1]. These gauges will require a source and detector for the measurement, this technology requires highly sophisticated software. In the conventional way of density measurement, an oscillating U tube method is used
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