Abstract
As topology has become extremely fast, VANETs (vehicular ad-hoc networks) have become increasingly complex, creating new routing protocols for geographic routing. A GPSR-enhanced system (E-GPSR) is presented in this paper, which includes extended capabilities that select the best route and bypass previous vehicles delivering such packets. The E-GPSR protocol also prevents packets from being sent to neighbours similarly, thus eliminating packet routing loops. Road accidents and dead-end roads are unavoidable reasons for link breakage, which the E-GPSR protocol helps to resolve. Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and Network Simulator-version 3 (NS-3.33) platforms were used to compare E-GPSR with traditional GPSR and Maxduration-Minangle GPSR (MM-GPSR). GPSR and MM GPSR have better packet loss ratios (PLR) and packet delivery ratios (PDR) than the proposed E-GPSR protocol.,
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