Abstract
Neutrino oscillation physics has entered a new precision era, which poses major challenges to the level of control and diagnostics of the neutrino beams. In this paper, we review the design of high-precision beams, their current limitations, and the latest techniques envisaged to overcome such limits. We put emphasis on “monitored neutrino beams” and advanced diagnostics to determine the flux and flavor of the neutrinos produced at the source at the per-cent level. We also discuss ab-initio measurements of the neutrino energy–i.e., measurements performed without relying on the event reconstruction at the ν detector–to remove any flux induced bias in the determination of the cross sections.
Highlights
Accelerator neutrino beams played a pivotal role in unveiling the electroweak sector of the Standard Model and in the discovery of Neutrino Oscillations [1]
As magnetic horns are characterized by a broad momentum acceptance, they are less effective for narrow-band neutrino beams, where an additional momentum selection stage based on radiation-hard magnetic elements is required
We reviewed the main components of an accelerator neutrino beam, the techniques for diagnostics and the barriers that hinder a per-cent level precision
Summary
Accelerator neutrino beams played a pivotal role in unveiling the electroweak sector of the Standard Model and in the discovery of Neutrino Oscillations [1]. Neutrino beams with unprecedented precision on φ f ( E) for the measurement of the νe and νe cross sections These data are essential for DUNE and HK because longbaseline experiments study the oscillation of νμ into νe and its CP-conjugate νμ → νe. The knowledge of the absolute flux is less critical for long-baseline oscillation experiments than for short-baseline cross section experiments because DUNE and HK use ancillary detectors (“Near Detector”, ND) located near the source to estimate the incoming rate of neutrinos. Sci. 2021, 11, 1644 imperfect ND-versus-FD cancellation This task is substantially eased if the corresponding beamlines are complemented by diagnostic tools inherited from monitored neutrino beams and if the cross sections are known with a precision of ∼1%
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