Abstract

This brief describes the design and characterization of a ring oscillator-based time-to-digital converter (TDC) with down to 43.2 ps of time resolution and high tolerance to process, voltage and temperature variations. By employing a compact architecture, it is therefore suitable for inclusion in imaging arrays for time-stamping functions. The proposed TDC has been fabricated in a 0.13- ${\mu }\text{m}$ CMOS technology in a ${16\times 8}$ array of single-photon avalanche diode-based pixels for positron emission tomography applications and thoroughly characterized.

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