Abstract
MXenes, two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, are promising materials for electrochemical energy storage application due to their redox-active surface and flexible interlayer space. Among all reported MXene-based electrodes, some have shown significantly better high-rate energy storage capabilities. Hence, it is crucial to have a systematic understanding on the decisive factors of the rate capability in the MXene family. This article discusses the impact of material properties at three levels, including intralayer composition, interlayer space and morphology, on the charge transfer and ion transport, revealing all the possible rate-limiting factors of MXene-based electrodes. We also describe systematic methods to characterize MXene electrodes as a detailed fundamental understanding of the structural and chemical properties, and the charge storage mechanisms crucial for rationally designing MXene-based electrodes.Graphic abstract
Highlights
The fast development of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices has revolutionized almost every aspect of modern life by enabling portable electronic devices, electrical vehicles, and grid storage of renewable energy.[1]
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest
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Summary
The fast development of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices has revolutionized almost every aspect of modern life by enabling portable electronic devices, electrical vehicles, and grid storage of renewable energy.[1]. During the charge storage process of 2D MXenes, the intercalated ions can partially transfer their electron to the surface groups of MXenes, changing the valance of the transition metal. The way the d-spacing of Ti2CTx expands/shrinks during cycling in organic electrolytes is distinct from that in acidic aqueous electrolytes (Figure 3b).[38] Interestingly, the d-spacing of Ti3C2Cl2 fluctuates with a much smaller amplitude during cycling than that of MXenes with randomly distributed surface groups in the same electrolyte.[27] When ionic liquids are used as electrolyte, the interlayer space change is more straightforward than the aqueous and organic electrolyte due to the absence of solvents.[39] The interlayer space change reflects the different charging storage processes when the electrode is positively and negatively charged from the open circuit potential. In DMSO, two layers of solvent molecules are can change the interfacial molar a
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