Design and Analysis of Distributed Tree Growing Algorithms

Marcio Nunes De Miranda,Daniel Sadoc Menasche,Daniel Frazao Luiz,Celso Barbosa Carvalho,Daniel Ratton Figueiredo

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152541

Abstract

Tree-based systems rely on real-time dissemination trees to deliver information to nodes. In order to offer good services, two fundamental aspects should guide the real-time growth process: low node degree and short distances to the server. In this paper, we propose a growth process to construct trees and make a detailed study on modeling and performance analysis of these tree-based systems. Our generative mechanism is based on the preferential attachment principle, where preference is given in terms of node quality. The proposed growth mechanism has a single parameter to weigh the relative importance of node degree and node distance on assessing node quality. We aim at understanding this mechanism when considering the local aspect of the node’s degree and the global aspect of the distance to a source. With this goal, we investigate our model through simulations and compare it to other growth processes. Our results indicate that the proposed model is capable of self-organizing nodes into good trees under six metrics of interest.

Highlights

L ARGE-SCALE content distribution on the Internet has received much attention over the last two decades
Our findings indicate that our preferential attachment model generates relatively good quality trees when compared to offline trees, that are carefully organized and with other online trees, e.g., power of two choices (P2C) trees
WORK Constructing efficient real-time dissemination trees is a real burden for tree-based systems

Summary

Introduction

L ARGE-SCALE content distribution on the Internet has received much attention over the last two decades. Most of the difficulties arise from the large number of resources required (e.g., network bandwidth, memory) by the applications and by the traffic itself (for example, video traffic) when serving thousands (sometimes millions) of users. Most of these users are mobile, using devices that, usually, have restricted resources. Other examples of applications that require new dissemination schemes or access to content appear in Industry 4.0, Sensor Networks, Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities, where cyber-physical systems, smart objects or smart vehicles will be connected

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