Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) simulation model of a lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) optical waveguide (OWG) electric field sensor has been established by using the full-wave electromagnetic simulation software. The influences of the LN substrate and the packaging material on the resonance frequency of the integrated OWG electric field sensor have been simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the thickness of the LN substrate has a great influence on the resonant frequency of the sensor (≈33.4%). A sensor with a substrate thickness of 1 mm has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally investigated. Experimental results indicate that the measured resonance frequency is 7.5 GHz, which nearly coincides with the simulation results. Moreover, the sensor can be used for the measurement of the nanosecond electromagnetic impulse (NEMP) in the time domain from 1.29 kV/m to 100.97 kV/m.
Highlights
We have found that the dimension of the LN substrate and package have an influence on the resonant frequency of the sensor
The simulation results showed that the thickness of the LN substrate had the greatest impact on the resonance frequency
The results of frequency response measurement suggested that the measured resonance frequency of 7.5 GHz was approximately equal to the simulated resonance frequency of 7.12 GHz, which verified the correctness of the simulation
Summary
By designing the antenna structure, the sensitivity of the sensor can be effectively improved [11,12]. As the enhanced electric field in the narrow gap of the patch antenna directly modulates the light waves, the sensitivity is improved. The x-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3 , LN) integrated OWG sensor with an antenna has been designed to measure intensive pulsed electric fields [35,36]. These studies mainly concentrated on the influence of the antenna structure and substrate material on the bandwidth, sensitivity, and flatness of the sensor. An integrated OWG electric field sensor has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally investigated
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