Descriptions of a few new species and one new genus of [Ordovician and] Silurian fossils from Ohio

Abstract

<h3>Background</h3> Endurance athletes have been using altitude training for decades to improve near sea-level performance. The predominant mechanism is thought to be accelerated erythropoiesis increasing haemoglobin mass (Hb_mass) resulting in a greater maximal oxygen uptake (O_2max). Not all studies have shown a proportionate increase in O_2max as a result of increased Hb_mass. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the two parameters in a large group of endurance athletes after altitude training. <h3>Methods</h3> 145 elite endurance athletes (94 male and 51 female) who participated in various altitude studies as altitude or control participants were used for the analysis. Participants performed Hb_mass and O_2max testing before and after intervention. <h3>Results</h3> For the pooled data, the correlation between per cent change in Hb_mass and per cent change in O_2max was significant (p&lt;0.0001, r²=0.15), with a slope (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.30 to 0.67) intercept free to vary and 0.62 (0.46 to 0.77) when constrained through the origin. When separated, the correlations were significant for the altitude and control groups, with the correlation being stronger for the altitude group (slope of 0.57 to 0.72). <h3>Conclusions</h3> With high statistical power, we conclude that altitude training of endurance athletes will result in an increase in O_2max of more than half the magnitude of the increase in Hb_mass, which supports the use of altitude training by athletes. But race performance is not perfectly related to relative O_2max, and other non-haematological factors altered from altitude training, such as running economy and lactate threshold, may also be beneficial to performance.