Abstract
Based on chromosomal, molecular and morphological analyses, two new Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 species are described, C. lapponica S. Nokkala & Ch. Nokkala, sp. nov. and C. borealis S. Nokkala et Ch. Nokkala, sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Psylloidea). C. lapponica is a rare bisexual alpine species living on Vaccinium uliginosum Linnaeus, 1753 above tree line on northern hills, where it forms sympatric populations with C. myrtilli W. Wagner, 1947. So far, the species has been found in northern Finland, Utsjoki and Kilpisjärvi, and in northern Sweden, Abisko. The chromosome number in males is 2n = 12+X(0), characteristic of psyllids. The species is easily distinguished from C. myrtilli by its conspicuously smaller size mainly due to difference in wing size. Additional morphological differences are found in the length of antennae, female genital plates and male parameres. C. borealis, in turn, is a relatively common apomictic parthenogenetic species with 5n = 60 + XXXXX living on the same host plant, Ledum palustre Linnaeus, 1753, as C. ledi (Flor, 1861) and occasionally forming sympatric populations with it. No males have been recorded in C. borealis. Its distribution range reaches at least from northern Fennoscandia to Lake Baikal in the East. C. borealis can be distinguished from C. ledi by differences in the length and width of antennae, dark brown markings on the wing and female terminal structures. For molecular analysis, a 638 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced. C. lapponica differs from the cohabitating C. myrtilli by 20 fixed nucleotide substitutions (uncor rected p-distance 3.13 %), while C. borealis differs from C. ledi by 21 fixed nucleotide substitutions (uncorrected p-distance 3.29 %). Molecular phylogeny construction (ML and BI) reveals two highly divergent clades, one comprising two bisexual species, C. lapponica and C. fraudatrix Labina & Kuznetsova, 2012, and the other clade comprising the parthenogenetic species C. borealis, C. myrtilli, and C. ledi. Within this clade, C. borealis is more closely associated with C. myrtilli than with C. ledi.
Highlights
It is well established that in Northern Europe two Holarctic psyllid species, Cacopsylla myrtilli
C. borealis, in turn, is a relatively common apomictic parthenogenetic species with 5n = 60 + XXXXX living on the same host plant, Ledum palustre Linnaeus, 1753, as C. ledi (Flor, 1861) and occasionally forming sympatric populations with it
C. ledi is quite evenly distributed throughout the distribution range, while the distribution of C. myrtilli is concentrated towards the north and/or high altitudes
Summary
It is well established that in Northern Europe two Holarctic psyllid species, Cacopsylla myrtilli 1947) and C. ledi (Flor, 1861), inhabit the host plants Vaccinium myrtillus Linnaeus, 1753 or V. uliginosum Linnaeus, 1753 and Ledum palustre Linnaeus, 1753, respectively (Ossiannilsson 1992). Both species are widely distributed through the temperate and alpine zones in Fennoscandia, Central Europe and Russia. C. ledi is quite evenly distributed throughout the distribution range, while the distribution of C. myrtilli is concentrated towards the north and/or high altitudes Females of both species are triploid and reproduce through apomictic parthenogenesis (Ossiannilsson 1992; Nokkala et al 2008, 2017). In populations with rare males, infrequent diploid females exist among the triploids (Nokkala et al 2015)
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