Description and use of an improved method for determining estuarine zooplankton grazing rates on phytoplankton

Abstract

A method of rapidly determining zooplankton grazing rates on natural mixed phytoplankton populations using 14C is described. The method simplifies the design of grazing experiments as the grazing time can be kept short enough to prevent recycling of the isotope, and growth of the phytoplankton substrate. Very high specific activity, 14C-labelled phytoplankton concentrated either by centrifugation or sieving, may be used either as the sole grazing substrate, or as a tracer in natural mixed phytoplankton. Zooplankton, confined in glass jars at either ambient, or higher than ambient concentrations, are permitted to feed on the phytoplankton for periods of 30 min and 2 h, and are then separated by sieving. The zooplankton community grazing rate, or, if the samples are sorted into species, the individual species grazing rates, can be determined after scintillation counting of the zooplankton. The rate of appearance of 14C-labelled phytoplankton in the zooplankton is an estimate of the grazing rate, and the slope of the line joining the grazing rates at various phytoplankton concentrations gives an estimate of the grazing rate constant for the zooplankton population. The method provides a quick way of obtaining both zooplankton population, and individual species grazing rates on natural mixed phytoplankton. In two experiments, labelled phytoplankton was used as the sole grazing substrate in concentrations ranging between 0.4 and 5 times ambient levels. Grazing rate constants, for net-caught zooplankton concentrated to 46 times (Experiment 1) and 28 times (Experiment, 2) ambient estuarine levels were-0.14and-0.12 of the phytoplankton standing stock per day, respectively. There was a linear increase in the amount of phytoplankton grazed with an increase in phytoplankton concentration up to four times ambient phytoplankton levels. When tracer amounts of labelled phytoplankton were added to samples containing both phytoplankton and zooplankton at ambient concentrations the grazing rate constants were-0.28 and-0.42 of the phytoplankton standing stock per day. We conclude that zooplankton grazing was the major control factor of phytoplankton population size during October–November 1975 in South West Arm, Port Hacking, near Sydney, Australia.