Abstract
BackgroundMultiple organ dysfunction is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units (ICUs). Original development of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was not to predict outcome, but to describe temporal changes in organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. Organ dysfunction scoring may be a reasonable surrogate outcome in clinical trials but further exploration of the impact of case mix on the temporal sequence of organ dysfunction is required. Our aim was to compare temporal changes in SOFA scores between hospital survivors and non-survivors.MethodsWe performed a population-based observational retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients admitted from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2013, to 4 multisystem adult intensive care units (ICUs) in Calgary, Canada. The primary outcome was temporal changes in daily SOFA scores during the first 14 days of ICU admission. SOFA scores were modeled between hospital survivors and non-survivors using generalized estimating equations (GEE) and were also stratified by admission SOFA (≤ 11 versus > 11).ResultsThe cohort consisted of 20,007 patients with at least one SOFA score and was mostly male (58.2%) with a median age of 59 (interquartile range [IQR] 44–72). Median ICU length of stay was 3.5 (IQR 1.7–7.5) days. ICU and hospital mortality were 18.5% and 25.5%, respectively. Temporal change in SOFA scores varied by survival and admission SOFA score in a complicated relationship. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using admission SOFA as a predictor of hospital mortality was 0.77. The hospital mortality rate was 5.6% for patients with an admission SOFA of 0–2 and 94.4% with an admission SOFA of 20–24. There was an approximately linear increase in hospital mortality for SOFA scores of 3–19 (range 8.7–84.7%).ConclusionsExamining the clinical course of organ dysfunction in a large non-selective cohort of patients provides insight into the utility of SOFA. We have demonstrated that hospital outcome is associated with both admission SOFA and the temporal rate of change in SOFA after admission. It is necessary to further explore the impact of additional clinical factors on the clinical course of SOFA with large datasets.
Highlights
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)— variably described as multiple organ failure or multisystem organ failure—is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients [1]
The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, as with other organ dysfunction scoring systems, does not differentiate between chronic organ dysfunction present due to underlying disease, and the effects of acute organ dysfunction related to critical illness [14]
The admission SOFA score was calculated based on the first 24 h of data, and thereafter, scores were calculated for each subsequent patient day based on the 07:00 am to 06:59 am time frame
Summary
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)— variably described as multiple organ failure or multisystem organ failure—is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients [1]. It is often present at the time of ICU admission and/or present at time of ICU death. Though multiple scoring systems have been developed, the most common in practical use today is the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score [10,11,12]. Original development of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was not to predict outcome, but to describe temporal changes in organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. Our aim was to compare temporal changes in SOFA scores between hospital survivors and non-survivors
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