Abstract
It has been shown in previous research that Piper aduncum Linnaeus essential oil has the potential to be developed as an alternative mosquito repellent. When the essential oil was formulated into cream, it was able to provide >2h of protection against Aedes aegypti in the laboratory; thus, it can be commercialized as an alternative to synthetic repellent especially N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). In this study, the irritation and sensitization potential of a cream formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil was investigated to verify its safety for application purposes. The P. aduncum essential oil was formulated into a cream containing 10% of the essential oil for irritation and skin sensitization assays on New Zealand white rabbits and guinea pigs (Hartley strain), respectively, following the ISO10993-10:2010 (E) guidelines. The macroscopic and histological observations from both assays revealed that the cream formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil caused slight irritation on rabbit skin, with a Primary Irritation Index (PII) of 1.54; however, no positive response was detected in the skin sensitization assay. In conclusion, the cream formulation containing 10% P. aduncum essential oil was slightly irritating to rabbit skin but did not cause sensitization in the animals tested.
Highlights
Repellent is a practical, economical substance that can be used to minimized the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, which can be transmitted through a single mosquito bite (Keziah et al, 2015)
The erythema persisted until 72 h after the patch was removed; a reversible irritation effect was observed in some rabbits as the symptoms of erythema started to fade
This research was conducted to investigated the irritation and sensitization potential of P. aduncum Essentail Oil (EO) formulated in a cream base, as the EO has the potential to be developed as an alternative mosquito repellents
Summary
Economical substance that can be used to minimized the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, which can be transmitted through a single mosquito bite (Keziah et al, 2015). Most widely use mosquito repellents available in the market contains N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as an active ingredient (Fradin, 1998; Kwon et al, 2011). Safety concerns related to DEET have led to the development of natural-based product as an alternative to the synthetic repellent (Choochote et al, 2007; Katz et al, 2008; Nerio et al, 2010). The associated odor and feel of DEET on the skin have made consumers reluctant to use DEET products; this has caused them to seek other alternatives (Adeniran and Fabiyi, 2012), especially plant-based repellents. The effectiveness, biodegradability, availability and environmental friendliness of such repellents have contributed to renewed consumer interest in them (Govindarajan, 2011; Govindarajan and Sivakumar, 2011)
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