Derivative spectroscopy and wavelet transform as green spectrophotometric methods for abacavir and lamivudine measurement

Abstract

Herein, two different sustainable and green signal processing spectrophotometric approaches, namely, derivative spectroscopy and wavelet transform, have been utilized for effective measurement of the antiretroviral therapy abacavir and lamivudine in their pharmaceutical formulations. These methods were used to enhance the spectral data and differentiate between the absorption bands of abacavir and lamivudine in order to accurately measure their concentrations. For determining abacavir and lamivudine, the first derivative spectrophotometric method has been applied to the zero-order and ratio spectra of both drugs. The same approach has been tested using the continuous wavelet transform method where a second order 2.4 of rbio and bior wavelet families were found to be optimum for measuring both drugs. Validation of the proposed methods affirmed their reliability in terms of linearity over the concentration range 1.5–30 µg/mL and 1.5–36 µg/mL for abacavir and lamivudine, respectively, precision (RSD < 2 %), and accuracy with mean recoveries ranging between 98 % and 102 %. Additionally, these spectrophotometric methodologies were applied to real pharmaceutical preparations and yielded results congruent with a prior chromatographic method. Most prominently, the proposed methods stood out for their greenness and sustainability with 97 points as evaluated by the analytical eco-scale method and a score value of 0.79 as analyzed by AGREE method, thereby making them suitable for resource-limited settings and highlighting the potential for broader application of green analytical methods in pharmaceutical analysis.