Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the difference of depression between working and non-working women of Pakistan. The sample comprised of 250 (125 working, 125 non-working) women. The target group’s age range was between 28 to 45 years. The women were selected from different organizations and areas of Karachi, Pakistan through purposive sampling technique. After taking the permission from authorities and informed consent from the participant demographic forms were filled then in order to measure the depression, Lovibond and Lovibond DASS Scale (1995) was administered, individually. Descriptive statistics and t-test for independent mean were used to analyze the data through Statistical Package Social Science Version 12(SPSS V 12). It was hypothesized that ’’the working-women will score lower on the variable of Depression ascompared to non-working women. The findings show that non-working women scored higher on the scale of depression than working-women in Pakistan. The Mean score of the age was (M =34.126) and the standard deviation was (SD=4.129). The Mean score of Depression of Non-working women was 14.28 and the Mean score of Depression of working women was10.26. The scores depict the lower level of depression in working women compared to non-working women.
Highlights
According to Livinbond and Livinbond, “Depression is characterized by self-disparaging, dispirited, gloomy, blue, convinced the life has no meaning or value, pessimistic about the future, unable to experience enjoyment or satisfaction, unable to become interested or involved, show lacking in initiative’’.1Munchinsky narrated that healthy people are not necessarily those, who are not suffering by any illness or disability, but they should feel well physically, mentally and socially.2Foundation, 2005): 212 2Munchinsky, Employee Absenteeism: A Review of the Literature
The t-test indicates that non-working-women showed higher mean scores on the variable of depression than the mean scores of non-working women
The results depict the higher level of depression; one of the reasons may take in to account, the findings of World Health Organization’s report (2006, 2004) that females, competent enough, who stay at home, have the feeling that their talent was being gone in vein
Summary
According to Livinbond and Livinbond, “Depression is characterized by self-disparaging, dispirited, gloomy, blue, convinced the life has no meaning or value, pessimistic about the future, unable to experience enjoyment or satisfaction, unable to become interested or involved, show lacking in initiative’’.1Munchinsky narrated that healthy people are not necessarily those, who are not suffering by any illness or disability, but they should feel well physically, mentally and socially.2Foundation, 2005): 212 2Munchinsky, Employee Absenteeism: A Review of the Literature. Munchinsky narrated that healthy people are not necessarily those, who are not suffering by any illness or disability, but they should feel well physically, mentally and socially.. According to many cognitive behavioral theorists including Aaron, T. Beck et al, defined depression as a result of distorted thought and maladjustment in the society or to a social group caused by irrational way of thinking, false beliefs and maladaptive behavior.. Depressive feeling can be socially learned from one another leading to a lack of experience and affected coping skills. According to Cognitive Depression Paradigm, depressed people’s thinking pattern is different from normal people. Sufferers think negatively and passively, they feel hopelessness and take a stressor or problem worse than it is. Beck added that a person having negative thinking and false beliefs is susceptible to emotional but to physical illness
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