Abstract
Depression is often associated with many adverse health conditions and lower socio-economic status. Stressful conditions like presence of disability coupled with traditional negative societal attitude towards disability may result in higher level of depression in the individuals with disability than in general population and can cause other health problems as well. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to explore the association of depression with its biosocial correlates among individuals with lower extremity amputations (LEA) living in Kolkata, India. Eighty-five participants with traumatic LEA and 105 control participants with no amputation participated in this study. The depression levels of the participants were measured with Beck Depression Index (BDI). All participants were also measured with the following sets of health traits, using standard techniques－1) physical: body weight, stature, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, hemoglobin%, 2) functional: functional outcome or degree of independence in daily activities, and 3) social: economic condition, and social discomfort. No significant difference was found in mean BDI scores for individuals with LEA and control participants. Higher BDI scores were associated with chronic energy deficiency. None of the other physical health traits was associated with depression level. Higher depression was associated with poor socio-economic conditions like low economic condition, dependency on others for daily activity, occupational constraints due to disability and perceived problems in conjugal life. Therefore, economic development with a positive social attitude toward people with disability is essential for the mental wellbeing of the individuals with LEA.
Highlights
Depression is a mental state characterized by feelings of sadness, with downturn mood in despair and discouragement, loss of interest or pleasure, a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration [1]
The objectives of the present study are the following in the individuals with lower extremity amputation (LEA) from Kolkata, India-1) Can the condition of locomotor disability enhances depression? 2) What is the relationship of depression with selected health traits? 3) What is the relationship of socio- economic condition with depression? and 4) Is there any relationship of disability related factors with depression?
The results reveal that the physical health traits like BMI and hemoglobin% in blood had a significant relationship with depression
Summary
Depression is a mental state characterized by feelings of sadness, with downturn mood in despair and discouragement, loss of interest or pleasure, a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration [1]. Depression is often considered as a medical disorder, like any other physical disorder, which affects human thoughts, feelings, behaviors and even physical health (e.g. weight loss, loss of appetite, loss of sleep, loss of libido, etc) [2]. Negative consequences in life (like disease and disability) make life stressful, and adversely affect the adaptive resources (which is very much dependent on the socio-economic condition of a given individual). Lower extremity amputation (LEA) cause serious physical disability and it is intuitive that adjustment to the conditions of amputation is impulsive to psychological distress. Depression in individuals with LEA was well investigated and many studies reported the prevalence rate of depression up to 45% among the study samples [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
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