Abstract
Objective: The objectives of the study were twofold: i) to assess whether depression independently predicts four quality of life (QOL) domains in CVD patients; and ii) whether depression interacts with self-efficacy and perceived social support to predict QOL domains among cardiovascular diseases (CVD) patients. Methods: Participants were 174 CVD patients taken from three major government sector hospitals of Lahore who were assessed on self-report measures of depression, self-efficacy, social support and QOL. Results: It was found that depression was a significant negative predictor of all four QOL domains among CVD patients. Furthermore, results from regression analysis demonstrated that depression significantly interacted with self-efficacy to predict physical and environmental QOL. Additionally, depression interacted with social support to physical and social QOL. Specially, depression was a stronger negative predictor of QOL domains at lower levels of self-efficacy and social support while it was a poor predictor at higher levels of self-efficacy and support. Conclusion: It was concluded that social support and self-efficacy act as buffering factors against devastating effects of depression on QOL among CVD patients.
Highlights
Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic variables as well as for study variables including depression, Self-efficacy, social support, and quality of life domains in all current study sample of CVD patients
The main objectives of the study were twofold: i) to examine whether depression independently predicts QOL domains among cardiovascular diseases (CVD) patients; and ii) whether depression interacts with self-efficacy and social support to predict QOL in CVD patients
The result showed that depression is prevalent in the CVD sample; the finding is consistent with many studies reporting mental health symptoms of anxiety and depression in cardiac patients (e.g., Kessler et al, 2005; Hu et al, 2015)
Summary
It was concluded that social support and self-efficacy act as buffering factors against devastating effects of depression on QOL among CVD patients. Depression and anxiety symptoms are reported as most frequently co-occurring mental disorder symptoms in the CVD patients living in both developed and developing countries (Kessler et al, 2005; Hu, Li, & Arao, 2015) Earlier, such mental health symptoms and depression were considered to be typical reactions to physical illness but recently, it has been illustrated that the occurrence of CVD has significant undesirable effects on overall health and QOL (Bhat & Sahn, 2004), assessment and treatment of depression and related psychological symptoms in CVD patients requires special attention for their better QOL and psychological wellbeing (Williamson et al, 2000). To fill this research gap, the current study aims to assess whether depression directly predicts and interact with self-efficacy and social support to predict quality of life (QOL) domains among cardiovascular diseases (CVD) patients. In light of the literature review, the study postulates two hypotheses: i) to assess whether depression predicts four QOL domains namely physical, psychological, social, and environmental QOL; ii) to assess whether self-efficacy and perceived social support moderate the association of depression with four QOL domains
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