Depression: Determinants That Influence the Mental Health of Older People (60 Years +) in Botswana.

Abstract

Correlates of depression in older people were explored in this study. The prevalence of depression was also calculated. Data were collected using a cross-sectional study stratified by district in urban and rural Botswana using the Patient Health Questionnaire. A snowballing technique was utilized to recruit older participants (N = 378; age = 71.8; SD = 9.1) with low to high incomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate the associations among demographics, individual, social, and environmental factors, and depression. The prevalence of depression and social impairment in older people was 7.8% and 20.6%. The correlates significantly associated with depression in Model 2 were education, income earned, resilience, and self-esteem (F (6, 358) = 19.5, p < .001; R2 = 23%) after adjusting for all influencing factors. Self-perceived health was associated with depression in Model 3 [F (11,340) = 12.5, p < .001; R2 = 28%]. In the final model, resilience, quality of life (QOL), and leisure were significantly associated with depression (p < .001), followed by anxiety, somatic symptoms, and social impairment (p < .05) [F (20,214) = 9.2, p < .001; R2 = 46%]. Findings provide preliminary information on the determinants of depression for further review by the research community. Stakeholders should also take cognizance of these correlates during their practice to curb depression in older people.