Depression and time perspectives in patients with brain tumors: Novel measurements in the circle test

Abstract

• The circles drawn by participants could be indicative of their time perspectives. • The novel circle test measurement results differed among groups. • Depressed patients with brain tumors may experience changes in time perspective. • Changes in the time perspective may be related to treatment adherence. Tumors trigger both depression and anxiety about death because they can be terminal. However, the relationship between depression and time perspective in patients with life-threatening diseases remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of depression on time perspective in patients with brain tumors using a projective method, i.e., the Circle Test. Participants (40 depressed patients, Dp; 35 non-depressed patients, NDp; and 40 healthy non-depressed controls, NDc) were administered the Circle Test of time perspectives and self-rating depression scales before and after surgery. The Circle Test data were analyzed using traditional indices, i.e., time dominance and relatedness, and novel measurements, i.e., time area and proportion. Although the traditional indices showed no differences, the results for the novel measurements differed among the Dp, NDp, and NDc groups. The overall time perspective was smaller in the Dp group than in the NDc group; furthermore, the proportions of the future and past perspectives were higher and lower, respectively, in the Dp group compared to the NDp group. Patients with brain tumors and depressed controls could not be compared, because no healthy control was depressed. Differences in depression-related changes in time perspective between patients with brain tumors and healthy controls should be examined in future studies. Depressed patients with brain tumors may experience changes in time perspectives according to the results for our novel measurements, and this might play an important role in treatment adherence.