Abstract
Periodontal disease, a bacterially mediated inflammatory disease of the gingival and adjacent periodontal attachment apparatus, represents, after dental caries, the leading cause of tooth loss among adults in developed countries due to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and the loss of the adjacent supporting bone, the tissues which support the teeth (Pihlstrom et al., 2005). Depressive disorders, the most commonly diagnosed conditions in psychiatry (Ustun et al., 2004; Kessler and Bromet, 2013), include, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder (including major depressive episode) an extensive prevalent disorder ranked third among the primary causes of global illness (Mathers and Loncar, 2006), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, other specified depressive disorder, and unspecified depressive disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Patten, 2013). The aim of this article is to summarize the current knowledge about the periodontal disease—depression relationship and to discuss the plausible mechanisms underlying this possible bidirectional association, by which each disease may contribute to the other (Figure (Figure11). Open in a separate window Figure 1 Review of reported results related to the biological and psychosocial mechanisms underlying the depression-periodontal disease bidirectional connection.
Highlights
The aim of this article is to summarize the current knowledge about the periodontal disease—depression relationship and to discuss the plausible mechanisms underlying this possible bidirectional association, by which each disease may contribute to the other (Figure 1)
It has been revealed that clinical depression may have a negative effect on periodontal treatment outcomes (Elter et al, 2002), paralleling other research indicating that psychosocial factors are predictive of surgical outcome, and play a significant role in postoperative recovery (Rosenberger et al, 2006)
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the mechanism by which depression plays a causal role in the in the $aetiology of inflammatory periodontal disease:
Summary
Periodontal disease, a bacterially mediated inflammatory disease of the gingival and adjacent periodontal attachment apparatus, represents, after dental caries, the leading cause of tooth loss among adults in developed countries due to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and the loss of the adjacent supporting bone, the tissues which support the teeth (Pihlstrom et al, 2005). It has been revealed that clinical depression may have a negative effect on periodontal treatment outcomes (Elter et al, 2002), paralleling other research indicating that psychosocial factors are predictive of surgical outcome, and play a significant role in postoperative recovery (Rosenberger et al, 2006) Antidepressants, such as fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, have demonstrated suppressive effects on the inflammatory response and on periodontal disease severity in a rat ligature-induced periodontitis model (Branco-de-Almeida et al, 2012; Aguiar et al, 2013; Galli et al, 2013), and in patients with periodontitis with clinical depression (Bhatia et al, 2015). Several clinical studies (Anttila et al, 2001; Persson et al, 2003; Solis et al, 2004, 2014; Castro et al, 2006; Cakmak et al, 2014) and experimental animal model studies (Soletti et al, 2009)
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