Abstract
BackgroundEpidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated comorbidity between migraine and affective disorders. However, it is unclear whether chronic migraine can lead to affective disorders in other animals.MethodsA classical chronic migraine rat model (repeated dura mater inflammatory soup [IS] infusion) was used to evaluate depression and anxiety behaviour via weight, sucrose preference test, open field test and elevated plus maze test.ResultsWe found that sucrose preference, locomotor and rearing behaviours, inner zoon distance percent, open-arm entries percent and serotonin and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex decreased significantly in the IS group compared with those in the control group; co-administration of low-dose amitriptyline ameliorated these deficits. However, no differences in weight, inner zone time percent, or open-arm time percent between the IS and control groups. These results were used to create new depression and anxiety scales to comprehensively assess and evaluate the degree of affective disorders in rats. Most of chronic migraine animals showed depression and anxiety like behaviors but a few didn’t.ConclusionsMost of the chronic migraine rats were present depression and anxiety like behaviors. The new scales we created are expected to use in the future studies to find out the potential mechanism of affective disorders’ comorbidity.
Highlights
Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated comorbidity between migraine and affective disorders
Thresholds in the inflammatory soup (IS) group held steady at 2 g after 1 week of administration
The present study investigated whether IS leads to depression and anxiety and whether a small dose of AMI can effectively treat depression and anxiety
Summary
Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated comorbidity between migraine and affective disorders. It is unclear whether chronic migraine can lead to affective disorders in other animals. Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated that primary headache, migraine, has a bidirectional relationship with depression and anxiety [1,2,3,4,5]. Patients with depression have a more than three-fold relative risk of developing migraine compared with non-depressed patients. Migraineurs have a more than three-fold relative risk of developing depression compared with patients without migraine [6]. More patients with depression and anxiety suffer chronic daily headache than episodic headache, those with a transformed migraine [7]. We reported previously that animals with depression
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