Abstract
The most common scales in 7 utilized Icelandic high-temperature geothermal systems are calcite, amorphous silica, magnesium silicates, iron silicates, aluminium silicates and metal sulphides. They are mostly controlled by adjustment of temperature and pressure although chemical inhibition may be preferred due to production capacity. Reaming of wells by drilling and physical removal from surface equippment or acid cleaning may be needed.
Highlights
An earlier review concluded that calcium carbonate, aluminium silicate and amorphous silica scales are problematic in direct utilization upon cooling of high temperature waters, but iron-and magnesium silicates and metal sulphides in saline high-temperature waters [2]
Acidity has been associated with magmatic activity in the Krafla volcanic system 1975-1984 which manifested itself in excess gas in the geothermal system and deposition of iron sulphides, iron silicates, iron oxides and silica [1]
Sulphide and iron silicate scales have been observed in hot, saline fluids and where volcanic gas has been present
Summary
Seven utilized high temperature areas are considered [1] (Figure 1). An earlier review concluded that calcium carbonate, aluminium silicate and amorphous silica scales are problematic in direct utilization upon cooling of high temperature waters, but iron-and magnesium silicates and metal sulphides in saline high-temperature waters [2].
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