Depositional model of early Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate reservoirs of the Coqueiros formation - Northern Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil

Abstract

Abstract Recent discoveries of giant hydrocarbon accumulations in coquinas and other lacustrine carbonate rocks of Rift and Post-rift (pre-salt) super-sequences of the Campos and Santos Basins have motivated a series of studies focused on understanding the genesis of these unique reservoirs. An integrated petrologic-sedimentologic-stratigraphic-seismic study of the Coqueiros Formation delineated the depositional model and evolution of reworked bioclastic rocks and other associated rocks deposited on the external high in the northern Campos Basin during the transition between late-rift and sag stages. Bioclastic rudstones and grainstones with moderate to high shell reworking represent 65% of the samples described. The following pieces of evidence point to a predominantly shallow lacustrine depositional environment, dominated by storm currents: (i) presence of high-angle (>14°) longshore cross-bedded rudstones; (ii) limited occurrence of muddy sediments interbedded with thick packages of amalgamated bioclastic rudstones; (iii) great lateral continuity of rudstone deposits devoid of matrix on the structural high, consistent with processes of storm action on large expanses of shallow lakes; (iv) deposits of massive rudstones, with disorganized shells, similar to the modern coastal bioclastic deposits of California and Shark Bay. Three sets of facies association are proposed: (i) high-energy facies, composed of bioclastic rudstones and grainstones devoid of matrix deposited above the fair weather wave base (FWB); (ii) low energy facies, composed of hybrid rocks with muddy or peloidal matrix and other fine grained rocks deposited below the FWB or in protected shallow environments; (iii) an alkaline set, composed of mainly magnesian clay ooids deposited in a more alkaline composition of lake water. The evolution of the facies associations over time demonstrates an overall fall of the relative lake level. High proportion of low energy facies associated with a deeper lacustrine environment occurs at the Coqueiros Fm. base, while at the top predominate high energy facies associated with a shallow lacustrine environment, in addition to magnesian clay-rich facies associated to restricted and alkaline water bodies. Paleocurrents suggest the activity of two main wind direction (northwest and southeast) over the external high that result in clean bioclastic facies with good reservoir potential on both flanks. The knowledge of wind directions during the late Barremian and early Aptian in the northern Campos Basin is extremely important for targeting the best depositional facies for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Coqueiros Formation.