Depletion of cholesterol could be associated with modulation of progesterone but not other sex hormone levels during Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans: a cross-sectional study from Zaria, Nigeria.

Abstract

In order for Plasmodium falciparum to grow and survive in its host, membrane biogenesis, fueled by host cholesterol, is essential for these processes. Consistent with this essential role, more insights into the cholesterol pathway would enhance the current understanding of the pathophysiology of malaria infection. To explore its broader potential, we conducted a cross-sectional study and assayed for the serum levels of cholesterol, vitamin D, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol and bile acid in both P. falciparum-infected patients and apparently healthy sex-matched participants. Our results revealed that the levels of cholesterol, vitamin D, progesterone, testosterone and estradiol in P. falciparum-infected patients were significantly (p <0.05) lower compared to those in control groups whereas the level of bile acid in P. falciparum-infected patients was significantly (p <0.05) higher compared to that in control groups. Additionally, cholesterol and the metabolic products with the exception of bile acid had a significant (p <0.05) association with the parasite density in P. falciparum-infected patients with moderate and high P. falciparum infections. Furthermore, all the metabolic products of cholesterol had an insignificant (p >0.05) association with the cholesterol in P. falciparum-infected patients with the exception of progesterone which showed a significant (p <0.05) association with cholesterol in the malaria-infected female patients. Data from the present study demonstrated that progesterone depletion in P. falciparum-infected female patients could be a consequence of P. falciparum-induced decrease in cholesterol.