Dependence of the leopardPanthera pardus fuscain Jaipur, India, on domestic animals

Swapnil Kumbhojkar,Patrycja K Kwiatkowska,Piotr Tryjanowski,Jakub Z Kosicki,Reuven Yosef

doi:10.1017/s0030605319001145

Abstract

AbstractThe ecology and predator–prey dynamics of large felids in the tropics have largely been studied in natural systems where wild ungulates constitute the majority of the prey base. However, in tropical countries where communities are primarily agrarian, the high density of domestic animals in human-dominated landscapes can be a potential prey source for large carnivores. We demonstrate almost complete dependence of the Vulnerable leopardPanthera pardus fuscain the Jhalana Reserve Forest in Jaipur, north-west India on domestic animals as prey. We analysed 132 leopard scats collected during the dry season of November 2017–April 2018. Domestic animals comprised the majority of the leopards' prey (89.5% frequency of occurrence): dogsCanis lupus familiaris(44%), catsFelis catus(13%), goatsCapra aegagrus hircus(16%) and cattleBos taurus(15%). Wild species, which occurred in the leopards' diet at a relatively low frequency, were rodents, the hareLepus nigricollis, small Indian civetViverricula indica, rhesus macaqueMacaca mulatta, northern plains grey langurSemnopithecus entellusand mongooseHerpestes edwardsii. Diet is also a function of availability of potential prey, but no data are available on the density of the leopard's wild prey species in Jhalana Reserve Forest. Nevertheless, our results suggest that abundance of domestic prey around Jhalana Reserve Forest sustains the c. 25 known leopards. We conclude that these leopards, by preying on feral dogs in an urban environment, could be considered as suppliers of a service to the human population amongst whom they thrive, although this potentially exposes the leopards to the canine distemper virus.

Highlights

Knowledge of prey selection and diet is important for understanding the life history strategies of carnivores and for planning the conservation of an apex predator (Miquelle et al, )
It has been shown that the abundance and availability of wild and domestic prey is the predominant factor that determines the potential carrying capacity of human-dominated landscapes for large carnivores (Boitani & Powell, )
In a survey of the Reserve we found that leopards used trails and tourist routes for defecation

Summary

Introduction

Knowledge of prey selection and diet is important for understanding the life history strategies of carnivores and for planning the conservation of an apex predator (Miquelle et al, ). It has been shown that the abundance and availability of wild and domestic prey is the predominant factor that determines the potential carrying capacity of human-dominated landscapes for large carnivores (Boitani & Powell, ). In human-dominated landscapes in Brazil, Nepal and Kenya (Schaller, ; Seidensticker et al, ; Mizutani, ) the biomass of potential domestic prey of carnivores was higher than that of wild prey species. Discarded food waste and pet food may contribute to the food resources of carnivores (Gehrt et al, ). This reduces carnivores’ fear of humans and, in consequence, the density of carnivores in urban or semi-urban areas can be higher than in the wild (Butler et al, )

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