Dependence of the Fundamental Plane of Early-type Galaxies on Age and Internal Structure

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the scatter in the fundamental plane (FP) of early-type galaxies (ETGs) and its dependence on age and internal structure of ETGs, using 16,283 ETGs with M r ≤ −19.5 and 0.025 ≤ z < 0.055 in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. We use the relation between the age of ETGs and photometric parameters such as color, absolute magnitude, and central velocity dispersion of ETGs and find that the scatter in the FP depends on age. The FP of old ETGs with age ≳9 Gyr has a smaller scatter of ∼0.06 dex (∼14%), while that of young ETGs with age ≲6 Gyr has a larger scatter of ∼0.075 dex (∼17%). In the case of young ETGs, less compact ETGs have a smaller scatter in the FP (∼0.065 dex; ∼15%) than more compact ones (∼0.10 dex; ∼23%). On the other hand, the scatter in the FP of old ETGs does not depend on the compactness of galaxy structure. Thus, among the subpopulations of ETGs, compact young ETGs have the largest scatter in the FP. This large scatter in compact young ETGs is caused by ETGs that have low dynamical mass-to-light ratio (M dyn/L) and blue color in the central regions. By comparing with a simple model of the galaxy that has experienced a gas-rich major merger, we find that the scenario of recent gas-rich major merger can reasonably explain the properties of the compact young ETGs with excessive light for a given mass (low M dyn/L) and blue central color.