Dependence of copolymer composition, swelling history, and drug concentration on the loading of diltiazem hydrochloride (DIL.HCl) into poly[( N-isopropylacrylamide)- co-(methacrylic acid)] hydrogels and its release behaviour from hydrogel slabs

Abstract

The loading of an antihypertensive cationic drug, diltiazem hydrochloride (DIL.HCl), into poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) [P( N-iPAAm)], poly(methacrylic acid) [P(MAA)], and their poly[( N-isopropylacrylamide)- co-(methacrylic acid)] P[( N-iPAAm)- co-(MAA)] hydrogels as well as their release behaviour have been investigated. For this purpose, two series of hydrogels have been tested, one previously soaked under acidic pH (treated hydrogels) and the other from the synthesis and washed in deionized water (untreated hydrogels). For the drug loading, these two series of hydrogels have been soaked in drug solutions with different concentrations. DIL.HCl amounts loaded by the gels as well as swelling degrees as a function of both hydrogel composition and DL.HCl concentration in the loading solution have been analyzed. Due to the interactions among DIL.HCl and the MAA group, “untreated” enriched MAA copolymer hydrogels present the highest drug load and loading efficiency. A DIL.HCl concentration of 320 μm/mL has been employed to load copolymers for release experiments, because for this concentration, hydrogels reach relative high drug load with a still high efficiency of loading. Release has been tested in three media, namely, fresh water (Milli-Q grade, pH 7.0), 0.1 N hydrogen chloride (pH 1.2), and a phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). In general, release is lower in fresh water and acidic media than in phosphate buffer. To explain these results, the effect of temperature, medium, and composition on the pH and thermo sensitivity of the hydrogels as well as the diltiazem–polymer interactions have been taken into account.