Abstract
The relationship between dentofacial morphology and respiration has been debated and investigated from various approaches. The aim of this study was to verify the skeletal and dental relationship of mouth and nose breathing children. Thirty-five children, 7 to 10 years of age, were submitted to orthodontic and otorhinolaryngologic evaluations and were separated into 2 groups: 15 nose breathers and 20 mouth breathers. Each subject underwent a cephalometric radiograph analysis. Statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) indicated that changed mode of breathing was associated with 1) maxillo-mandibular retrusion in relation to the cranial base in the mouth breathers; 2) the SNGoGn and NSGn angles were greater in the mouth breathing group; 3) incisor inclination in both jaws and the interincisal angle were not different between groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the maxillary and mandibular molar heights between the nose breathers and mouth breathers.
Highlights
Nose breathing associated with the normal functions of chewing and swallowing and posture of tongue and lips provides correct muscular action stimulating adequate facial growth and bone development [1]
Dentofacial morphology can be altered by dysfunctions, such as nasorespiratory obstruction depending on the magnitude, duration and time of occurrence [2]
When nose breathing is disrupted by adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy, rhinitis, nasal septum deviation, among others [3,4], there is a prevalence of mouth breathing
Summary
Nose breathing associated with the normal functions of chewing and swallowing and posture of tongue and lips provides correct muscular action stimulating adequate facial growth and bone development [1]. Mouth breathing may lead to postural changes such as lowered position of the mandible, raised position of the head, low posture of the hyoid bone and anterior inferior position of the tongue [1,2,5]. It has been shown that such postural changes may be related to specific dentofacial characteristcs and morphological changes [6]. According to Paul and Nanda [7], there is much evidence that mouth breathing produces deformities of the jaws, inadequate position or shape of the alveolar process and malocclusion and results in the development of “adenoidal facies” or “long face syndrome” [8,9]. The aim of the present investigation was to verify skeletal and dental relationships of mouth and nose breathing children
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