Dentin remineralization in acidic solution without initial calcium phosphate ions via poly(amido amine) and calcium phosphate nanocomposites after fluid challenges.

Abstract

A previous study showed that the combination of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) and rechargeable composites with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) induced dentin remineralization in an acidic solution with no initial calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions, mimicking the oral condition of individuals with dry mouths. However, the frequent fluid challenge in the oral cavity may decrease the remineralization capacity. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the remineralization efficacy on dentin in an acid solution via PAMAM + NACP after fluid challenges for the first time. The NACP nanocomposite was stored in a pH 4 solution for 77days to exhaust its Ca and P ions and then recharged. Demineralized dentin samples were divided into four groups: (1) control dentin, (2) dentin coated with PAMAM, (3) dentin with recharged NACP composite, and (4) dentin with PAMAM + recharged NACP. PAMAM-coated dentin was shaken in phosphate-buffered saline for 77days to desorb PAMAM from dentin. Samples were treated in pH 4 lactic acid with no initial Ca and P ions for 42days. After 77days of fluid challenge, PAMAM failed to prevent dentin demineralization in lactic acid. The recharged NACP nanocomposite raised the pH to above 6.5 and re-released more than 6.0 and 4.0mmol/L Ca and P ions daily, respectively, which inhibited further demineralization. In contrast, the PAMAM + NACP combined method induced great dentin remineralization and restored the dentin microhardness to 0.54 ± 0.04 GPa, which approached that of sound dentin (P = 0.426, P > 0.05). The PAMAM + NACP combination achieved dentin remineralization in an acid solution with no initial Ca and P ions, even after severe fluid challenges. The novel PAMAM + NACP has a strong and sustained remineralization capability to inhibit secondary caries, even for individuals with dry mouths.