Abstract
Introduction: The osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) was compared with that of dental pulp-derived stromal cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in a pig calvaria critical-size bone defect model. Methods: BMSCs and DPSCs were extracted from the tibia bone marrow and the molar teeth of each pig, respectively. BMSCs and DPSCs were cultured in monolayer and on a three-dimensional (3D) polycaprolactone (PCL) – hyaluronic acid – tricalcium phosphate (HT-PCL) scaffold. Population doubling (PD), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium deposition were measured in monolayer. In the 3D culture ALP activity, DNA content, and calcium deposition were evaluated. Six non-penetrating critical-size defects were made in each calvarium of 14 pigs. Three paired sub-studies were conducted: (1) empty defects vs. HT-PCL scaffolds; (2) PCL scaffolds vs. HT-PCL scaffolds; and (3) autologous BMSCs on HT-PCL scaffolds vs. autologous DPSCs on HT-PCL scaffolds. The observation time was five weeks. Bone volume fractions (BV/TV) were assessed with micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histomorphometry. Results and discussion: The results from the in vitro study revealed a higher ALP activity and calcium deposition of the DPSC cultures compared with BMSC cultures. Significantly more bone was present in the HT-PCL group than in both the pure PCL scaffold group and the empty defect group in vivo. DPSCs generated more bone than BMSCs when seeded on HT-PCL. In conclusion, DPSCs exhibited a higher osteogenic potential compared with BMSCs both in vitro and in vivo, making it a potential cell source for future bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Functionalization of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering is a key factor for promoting new bone formation
The most notable finding in the present study was the increased regenerative osteogenic potential of Dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs) compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs), which to the authors’ knowledge has not previously been shown in a large-animal model
We show that the osteogenic effect of DPSCs was significantly higher than the effect of BMSCs both in vitro and in vivo
Summary
Functionalization of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering is a key factor for promoting new bone formation. One approach to functionalize scaffolds includes the seeding of autologous bone marrowderived stromal cells (BMSCs) onto the scaffolds prior to implantation. BMSCs are known to initiate new bone formation by differentiating into osteoblasts, by stimulating the bone. Dental pulp stem cells have displayed the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and produce both mineralized and extracellular matrix as well as a bone-like trabecular structure [9,10,11]
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