Abstract
Trauma in the oral region and tooth avulsion are a major part of injuries in children, adolescents, and young adults. Established methods used to manage these cases provide mainly repair, but not regeneration. Tissue engineering paves the way for research in the new field of regenerative endodontics to overcome the limits of conservative strategies. This review aims to provide an overview of the available in vitro and in vivo models for dental pulp regeneration. The review covers different in vitro models, including two- and three-dimensional models and organ cultures, comprising both ectopic and orthotopic approaches. These models show the great potential of tissue engineering for regenerative endodontics, which can lead to regeneration of the pulp–dentin complex in future.
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