Abstract
Stem cells derived from human dental pulp tissue (DP-MSC) differ from the other mesenchymal stem cells prepared from bone marrow or adipose tissue due to their embryonic origin from the neural crest and are of special interest because of their neurotropic character. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of DP-MSCs is realized through paracrine action of extracellularly released components, for which exosomes play an important role. In this review, we intend to explore the properties of these cells with an emphasis on exosomes. The therapeutic applicability of these cells and exosomes in dental practice, neurodegenerative diseases, and many other difficultly treatable diseases, like myocardial infarction, focal cerebral ischemia, acute lung or brain injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute inflammation, and several others is concisely covered. The use of cellular exosomes as an important diagnostic marker and indicator of targeted cancer therapies is also discussed, while the importance of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth as a source of evolutionally young cells for future regenerative therapies is stressed. We conclude that exosomes derived from these cells are potent therapeutic tools for regenerative medicine in the near future as clinical administration of DP-MSC-conditioned medium and/or exosomes is safer and more practical than stem cells.
Highlights
The involvement of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the regeneration of damaged or aged tissues is well supported by current research
Cell manufacturing procedures for obtaining high quality, bioactive MSCs from human bone marrow has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration [1], while recent developments in regenerative medicine have suggested that there is a paracrine/endocrine mechanism involved with MSC-mediated repair of damaged tissues
Dental pulp mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (DP-MSCs) do not differ substantively from MSCs derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, and umbilical cord tissue with regard to the internationally accepted vague criteria of plastic adherence and the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in vitro while expressing mesenchymal (CD29, CD90, CD105, CD73, and CD44) but not hematopoietic lineage markers (CD14, CD34, and CD45) [10]
Summary
The involvement of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the regeneration of damaged or aged tissues is well supported by current research. DP-MSCs are known for their high proliferative potential, as demonstrated by their ability to be isolated and expanded from dental pulp tissue fragments that adhere to plastic tissue culture dishes These tissue fragments can be transferred from one dish to another for 3 months with no interruption in cell proliferation. DP-MSCs do not differ substantively from MSCs derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, and umbilical cord tissue with regard to the internationally accepted vague criteria of plastic adherence and the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in vitro while expressing mesenchymal (CD29, CD90, CD105, CD73, and CD44) but not hematopoietic lineage markers (CD14, CD34, and CD45) [10]
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