Dental Concerns of Children with Down’s Syndrome - An Overview

Abstract

Down’s syndrome is a condition known to be associated with a chromosomal abnormality. This is usually in the form of three in place of a pair of chromosomes 21, hence the name ‘trisomy 21’ the incidence of Down’s syndrome in the population has been variably estimated between 1 and 4 per 1000 and which occurs in all races. These children are mentally retarded to some degree, they are generally smaller than average in height for their age, Midface dysplasia, flat broad bridge of the nose, “lop” ears, Epicanthal folds with slanting almond-shaped eyes which was responsible for the term mongoloid. The majority of the children exhibit brachycephaly (broad, short head) and lack of supraorbital ridges and hypotelerism, Absence of frontal sinuses and absent or reduced maxillary sinuses, nasal septum or nasal conchl deviations are often observed which can produce a partially obstructed or narrow air passage and can contribute to the problem of mouth breathing, prone to infections especially upper respiratory tract infections. They have congenitally missing lateral incisors, the morphology of the teeth may also be affected. Teeth are smaller than normal, peg shaped and tend to be rounded or bulbous, roots of the incisors are short and most of the children are having tongue thrusting habit with lack of lip seal and high frenal attachment. They have a remarkable resistance to dental caries and at least half of them are caries free, preventive procedures along with chlorhexidine mouth wash may be beneficial and they suffer from a moderate to severe degree of periodontal disease. Down’s syndrome children with congenital heart disease extractions and deep scaling should be done under antibiotic coverage and pulp treatment in primary teeth is contraindicated in patients with cardiac problems because of the risk of bacteremia whereas in permanent teeth it can be considered if an adequate apical seal can be obtained. Both orthodontic and prosthodontics appliances are usually contraindicated. Nitrous oxide analgesia or Tell show do in mildly apprehensive patients can be used, general anesthesia in severe resistance to dental treatment. This article discusses about etiological factors, clinical features and management aspects.