Density‐dependent trophic consequences of invasive mrigal carp on native mud carp in Chinese fresh waters

Abstract

Abstract Understanding the strength, direction and consequences of the trophic impacts of invasive fish on functionally analogous native fishes is important in invasion impact assessment and for informing management programmes. As functionally analogous native and invasive fishes can share prey resources, there is high potential for competitive interactions, which could affect trophic niche sizes and positions. The highly invasive mrigal carp Cirrhinus mrigala and native mud carp Cirrhinus molitorella now co‐exist in many freshwaters in southern China, raising concern on the consequences for mud carp. The trophic interactions of the two species and their consequences (for growth rates and trophic niche sizes as the isotopic niche, calculated using δ13C and δ15N) were tested in a pond enclosure experiment based on additive and substitutive treatments using fish in allopatric and sympatric contexts, with results compared with invaded wild communities. In the experiment, specific growth rates decreased significantly as fish abundance in treatments increased. These density‐dependent effects were observed in both species and were independent of whether the treatment was allopatric or sympatric. In allopatric treatments, isotopic niches of mud carp increased in size with fish number. Conversely, in sympatric treatments, mud carp isotopic niche size decreased with increased mrigal carp number. For mrigal carp, isotopic niche sizes decreased as fish number increased in both allopatric and sympatric treatments. In sympatric experiment treatments, the isotopic niches of mud carp and mrigal carp were always divergent. This was, however, in contrast to four invaded wild communities, where the isotopic niches of the two fishes always had some overlap. Experimental and field data suggest that although native mud carp could be impacted by mrigal carp, these impacts might only manifest when the species are at very high abundances and inter‐specific competitive interactions could be intense. These results also suggest the two species have mechanisms that reduce their inter‐specific interactions to minimise their competitive interactions, thus any ecological impacts from mrigal carp might manifest more from indirect than direct processes.