Density reductions by predatory trout increase adult size and fecundity of surviving caddisfly larvae in a detritus‐based stream food web

Abstract

Summary1. In some situations, individuals surviving in environments where predation is intense can grow faster because the benefits of release from intraspecific competition outweigh costs associated with anti‐predator responses. Whether these ‘thinning’ effects of predation occur in detritus‐based food webs where resource renewal occurs independently of consumption by consumers was studied. We investigated how effects of predatory brown trout (Salmo trutta) on the larvae of the detritivorous stream caddisfly, Zelandopsyche ingens, influenced the size and fecundity of the caddisfly adults.2. Trout substantially reduced the abundance of Z. ingens larvae, but adult male and female Z. ingens were significantly larger in trout streams compared to fishless streams. Females in trout streams had 33% more eggs than fishless stream females, and egg sizes were not significantly different. In mesocosms, Z. ingens larvae in low density treatments reflecting trout stream abundances grew significantly faster than larvae in high density treatments that were characteristic of fishless stream abundances. Non‐lethal trout presence did not influence case building behaviour, feeding rates or growth or Z. ingens larvae, indicating non‐lethal effects of predators were negligible.3. Increased adult size and fecundity associated with trout stream individuals were probably a result of predator thinning of larval density indirectly releasing surviving Z. ingens from intraspecific competition. Thus, predator thinning did influence interactions between larvae in this detritus‐based food web as larval growth was strongly density‐dependent. However, extrapolating the total number of eggs potentially produced indicates the increased fecundity of females in trout streams would not compensate for losses of larvae to trout predation.