Abstract
Feral Apis mellifera colonies are widespread globally and cause ecological impacts as pollinators and competitors for food and nesting opportunities. The magnitude of impact depends on their population density, but knowledge of this density is poor. We document feral A. mellifera colonies at 69 per km2 in fragmented Eucalyptus woodlands in Australia, exceeding estimates from elsewhere in the world, and matched only by one other Australian study. We surveyed 52.5 ha of woodland patches with 357 nest boxes installed to provide nesting opportunities for threatened vertebrates. Our sites covered a region of more than 140 km across with repeated surveys over 3 to 6 years. We show that nest box use by feral A. mellifera colonies is influenced by box design (p = 0.042), with weak evidence for an interactive effect of type of vegetation at a site (woodland remnants vs. replanting) and woody cover within 500 m (p = 0.091). At 69 colonies per km2, this density is equivalent to the recommended stocking of hives for pollination of some crops and is therefore likely to influence pollination and lead to competition with other flower visitors. Apis mellifera is also likely to be competing for hollows with cavity dependent native fauna, especially in landscapes where there has been extensive tree removal.
Highlights
Feral Apis mellifera colonies are widespread globally and cause ecological impacts as pollinators and competitors for food and nesting opportunities
As we examined the use of recently established nest boxes, this study provides an indication of whether nesting opportunities strongly limit the density of feral A. mellifera colonies in this area
The survey with the highest level of nest box use was recorded in spring 2011, during which we detected 36 occupied nest boxes across the 52.5-ha area covered by the 10 large sites, revealing an estimated density of 69 colonies per k m2 of woodland
Summary
Feral Apis mellifera colonies are widespread globally and cause ecological impacts as pollinators and competitors for food and nesting opportunities. We show that nest box use by feral A. mellifera colonies is influenced by box design (p = 0.042), with weak evidence for an interactive effect of type of vegetation at a site (woodland remnants vs replanting) and woody cover within 500 m (p = 0.091). The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been managed widely around the world, causing large ecological impacts as a pollinator and as a competitor for nesting and food r esources[1]. Apis mellifera has escaped from domestication to establish feral populations in many c ountries[2–4], where it can have negative impacts on native. These feral bees play a major role in pollinating economically significant crops[9] and native. At the same time, Africanized honey bees
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