Density functional theory calculations of nitrogen and oxygen equilibrium isotope fractionations in NO3−–NO2−–H2O aqueous system reveal inverse kinetic isotope effects during nitrite oxidation

Abstract

Nitrate and nitrite play key roles in the nitrogen cycle on Earth's surface. The isotope fractionation during nitrate reduction on enzymatic level involves multiple steps, including transfer of free NO3− to the activate site on nitrate reductase and NO2− equilibration with ambient water. However, the isotope fractionation factors of 15N and 18O among NO3−, NO2−, and H2O molecules in aqueous phases are poorly constrained. It strongly impedes the understanding of the involved processes and using stable isotopes to quantitatively examine the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. In this contribution, we employ the density functional theory method with the Urey-Bigeleisen-Goeppert-Mayer model to predict the nitrogen and oxygen equilibrium isotope fractionation factors of NO3−, NO2−, and H2O molecules in gaseous and aqueous phases. Our calculation results show that the solvent effect has a large influence on equilibrium isotope fractionation for oxygen in water (+10.1‰ between liquid and vapor water at 25 °C), which is different to the little solvent effects on both oxygen and nitrogen in nitrate and nitrite. The calculated temperature-dependent equilibrium isotope fractionations between nitrogen of NO3− and NO2−, and oxygen of H2O and NO2− are consistent with previous laboratory experiments. Our results confirm that the oxygen equilibrium isotope fractionations between NO3− and NO2− should be +9.4‰ at 25 °C. Integrating the new results and previously reported kinetic isotope effects of nitrate reduction, we demonstrate inverse kinetic isotope effects for both nitrogen (+15.4‰) and oxygen (+5.2‰) during nitrite oxidation, which falls in the range of previous experiments. The new results enable us to use both nitrogen and oxygen isotopes as a bonded isotope tool to quantitatively assess the nitrogen cycle in low-temperature environments.