Density-dependent development in pest and domestic Drosophilidae species

Abstract

The capacity to lay eggs inside healthy fruits rather than on decaying plant matter differentiates insect fruit pests from domestic species. This niche differentiation has been previously proposed to be an adaptation to avoid competition. We hypothesize that pest species will be more strongly affected by competition. We compare the impact of larvae density on fitness traits between Drosophila pests ( Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931); Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970) and domestic species ( Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830). We assessed the effect of crowding on adult emergence and development time. Viability decreased gradually with density for D. immigrans and D. suzukii, while for D. melanogaster and Z. indianus it remained high. Development time increased with density; this was stronger on Z. indianus and D. immigrans than on D. suzukii, which had a moderate increase, and D. melanogaster, which did not change. Contrary to expectations, the distinct patterns observed were not related to each species' domestic or pest lifestyle. In fact, patterns consistent with either scramble or contest type of competition were observed on both pest and domestic species, respectively. These findings challenge prior beliefs regarding competition effects among Drosophila pest species and provide information relevant to integrated pest management.