Abstract
Nitrate pollution in groundwater is a worldwide problem.
Highlights
Nitrate is naturally present in the environment as part of the nitrogen cycle
Therea er, the reactor was operated at temperatures of 20–28 C and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5– 7 h (Phase 2), the effluent nitrate maintained at low levels of around 3.0 mg LÀ1 with NO3–N removal efficiency of higher than 95%
As the operation temperature dropped to 10–18 C (Phase 3), the nitrate removal efficiency decreased to 87.7% even extending HRT to 12–13 h
Summary
Nitrate is naturally present in the environment as part of the nitrogen cycle. Anthropogenic inputs, such as the agricultural application of nitrogenous fertilizers and wastewater emission, have greatly increased the nitrate loads in receiving waters, leading to potential risks to the shallow and deep groundwater aquifers.[1,2,3] Drinking nitrate-contaminated groundwater has the risks of methaemoglobinaemia for infants and stomach cancer.[4] The maximum permissible level of nitrate in drinking water was set as 10 mg N per L by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency[5] and in the standard for drinking water quality of China (GB 5749-2006) to reduce the risks to human health. There exist two kinds of solid carbon source: the natural plant materials such as woodchips, straws and reeds[15,16] and the synthetic biodegradable polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate.[17,18,19,20,21,22]
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