Abstract
Abstract: Dengue viral infection is a global disease with a spectrum of clinical manifestations mild fever to severe disease both dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). DHF is severe form of dengue fever (DF), which can be life-threatening. Climate changes is not the only factor that affects dengue transmission, but also globalization changes includes travel and trade. The pathogenesis of dengue infection is complex. The mechanism involved antibody-dependent enhancement, NS1 and its antibodies, T cells, and DENV genomics. There are several novel methods to detect the presence of dengue virus in the body of infected patients. These include ELISA-specific IgM and IgG detection, detection of monoclonal antibodies and mosquito cell strains, and PCR reverse transcriptase detection. Several trials found novel methods to predict the severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever earlier. These include platelet count, Aspartate aminotransferase / platelet count index (APRI) Index, serum chymase level, serum cytokine/chemokine profile, Tropomyosin-alpha 1 (TPM 1), Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI), and Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF). Several pharmacological therapies are known to have potential antidengue effect. Some of these are corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, doxycycline and tetracycline, anticholesterol drugs, IVIG, celgosivir, balapiravir, pentoxifylline and calcium supplementation. Some natural products are known to have activity against Aedes aegypti through antiviral mechanisms, larvacidal activity, mosquitocidal, and mosquito repellants. It can be developed as the latest therapy of dengue hemorrhagic fever on the future. The objective of this paper is to provide new insight about the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever related to the history of its distribution, pathogenesis, and the latest developments related to detection methods, severity prediction methods, and the management of dengue hemorrhagic fever on the future. Keywords: globalization changes, novel detection methods, severity prediction methods, latest development in DHF therapy
Highlights
Dengue viral infection is a global disease with a spectrum of clinical manifestations mild fever to severe disease both dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)
This paper provides new insight about the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever related to the history of its distribution, pathogenesis, and the latest developments related to the detection methods, severity prediction methods, and the management of dengue hemorrhagic fever on the future
Modern factors that contribute on the spread of vector-mediated diseases are the factors of globalization, which include travel and trade, which facilitate the transfer of vectors to new places and suitable climatic conditions
Summary
Dengue viral infection is a global disease with a spectrum of clinical manifestations mild fever to severe disease both dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). More than 3.6 billion people currently live in the tropical and subtropical regions that have high potential dengue virus transmission.[12, 13] Global estimation vary from 50 to 200 million dengue infections, 500,000 severe dengue episodes (DHF/DSS), and more than 200,000 dengue related deaths occur annually.[11]. In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes dengue as "the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world", due to its significant geographical spread of viruses/vectors and the high expenditures. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, temperatures are predicted to increase worldwide It creates favorable climatic and environmental conditions for the development of Aedes species in previously non-endemic areas.
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